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{{Testcases notice <!--|toc=on-->}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes||_title=Silurian graphical timeline|<!--Change this to help=on if you need instructions on editing this timeline-->|help=off|float=left|embedded=| link-to=Silurian_graphical_timeline| title=|from=-445|to=-417.6|height=45|width=7.5|plot-colour=#000000<!--Æons-->|bar81-from=-445|bar81-text=<span style="line-height:16px;display:block;">'''[[Đại Cổ sinh| P <br/> a <br/> l <br/> e <br/> o <br/> z <br/> o <br/> i <br/> c ]]'''</span>|bar81-nudge-down=-5|bar81-right=.1|bar81-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar83-to=-443.4|bar83-left=.11|bar83-colour={{period color|Ordovician}}|bar83-border-width=.0|bar83-text='''[[Kỷ Ordovic]]'''|bar83-nudge-down=0|bar84-from=-443.4|bar84-to=-419.2|bar84-left=.11|bar84-right=.22|bar84-colour={{period color|Silurian}}|bar84-border-width=.05|bar84-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block;">'''[[Kỷ Silur|S<br />i<br />l<br />u<br />r<br />i<br />a<br />n]]'''</span>|bar84-nudge-down=-5|bar85-from=-419.2|bar85-left=.11|bar85-colour={{period color|Devonian}}|bar85-border-width=.0|bar85-text='''[[Kỷ Devon]]'''<!--Series -->|bar94-from=-443.4|bar94-to=-433.4|bar94-left=.23|bar94-right=.34|bar94-colour={{period color|Llandovery}}|bar94-border-width=.05|bar94-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block;">[[thế Llandovery|L<br/>l<br/>a<br/>n<br/>d<br/>o<br/>v<br/>e<br/>r<br/>y]]</span>|bar94-nudge-down=-3.3|bar95-from=-433.4|bar95-to=-427.4|bar95-left=.23|bar95-right=.34|bar95-colour={{period color|Wenlock}}|bar95-border-width=.0|bar95-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block;">[[thế Wenlock|W<br/>e<br/>n<br/>l<br/>o<br/>c<br/>k]]</span>|bar95-nudge-down=-2.3|bar96-from=-427.4|bar96-to=-423|bar96-left=.23|bar96-right=.34|bar96-colour={{period color|Ludlow}}|bar96-border-width=.05|bar96-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block;">[[thế Ludlow|L<br/>u<br/>d<br/>l<br/>o<br/>w]]</span>|bar96-nudge-down=-2.6|bar103-from=-423|bar103-to=-419.2|bar103-left=.23|bar103-colour={{period color|Pridoli}}|bar103-border-width=0.0|bar103-text=<span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">[[thế Pridoli|Pridoli]]</span>|bar103-nudge-down=0.5<!--Stages-->|bar104-from=-443.4|bar104-to=-440.8|bar104-left=.35|bar104-right=1|bar104-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[tầng Rhuddan]]</span>|bar104-border-width=.05|bar104-colour={{period color|Rhuddanian}}|bar106-from=-440.8|bar106-to=-438.5|bar106-left=.35|bar106-right=1|bar106-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[tầng Aeron]]</span>|bar106-border-width=0.0|bar106-colour={{period color|Aeronian}}|bar107-from=-438.5|bar107-to=-433.4|bar107-left=.35|bar107-right=1|bar107-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[tầng Telych]]</span>|bar107-border-width=0.05|bar107-colour={{period color|Telychian}}|bar115-from=-433.4|bar115-to=-430.5|bar115-left=.35|bar115-right=1|bar115-text=<span style="font-size:75%">[[tầng Sheinwood]]</span>|bar115-border-width=0.0|bar115-colour={{period color|Sheinwoodian}}|bar116-from=-430.5|bar116-to=-427.4|bar116-left=.35|bar116-right=1|bar116-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[tầng Homer]]</span>|bar116-border-width=0.0|bar116-colour={{period color|Homerian}}|bar118-from=-427.4|bar118-to=-425.6|bar118-left=.35|bar118-right=1|bar118-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[tầng Gorsty]]</span>|bar118-border-width=0.05|bar118-colour={{period color|Gorstian}}|bar119-from=-425.6|bar119-to=-423|bar119-left=.35|bar119-right=1|bar119-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[tầng Ludford]]</span>|bar119-border-width=0.0|bar119-colour={{period color|Ludfordian}}|bar150-from=-430.55|bar150-to=-430.5|bar150-colour=#000000|bar150-left=.35|bar160-from=-423.05|bar160-to=-423|bar160-colour=#000000|bar160-left=.23|bar170-from=-419.25|bar170-to=-419.2|bar170-colour=#000000|bar170-left=.11|bar180-left=.99|bar180-right=1|bar180-colour=#000000|bar190-left=.22|bar190-right=.23|bar190-from=-443.4|bar190-to=-419.2|bar190-colour=#000000|bar200-left=.34|bar200-right=.345|bar200-from=-443.4|bar200-to=-423|bar200-colour=#000000<!--Notes-->|note1-at=-424<!--Late Ludfordian-->|note1=[[Lau event]]|note2-at=-427<!--ish!-->|note2=[[Mulde event]]<ref name=Jeppsson2007>{{chú thích tạp chí | author = Jeppsson, L. | author2 = Calner, M. | year = 2007 | title = The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events | journal = Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh | volume = 93 | issue = 02 | pages = 135–154 | doi = 10.1017/S0263593300000377}}</ref>|note3-at=-{{Period start|Wenlock}}|note3=[[Ireviken event|Ireviken<br />event]]<ref name=Munnecke2003>{{chú thích tạp chí | author = Munnecke, A. | author2 = Samtleben, C. | author3 = Bickert, T. | year = 2003 | title = The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 195 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–124 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3}}</ref>|caption=Silurian Sample}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Devonian graphical timeline||help=off| link-to=Devonian_graphical_timeline| title=Events of the Devonian Period|title-colour={{period color|Devonian}}|from=-425|to=-353.1|height=34|width=7.5|plot-colour=#000000<!--Eras-->|bar2-right=.09|bar2-text=<span style="line-height:16px;display:block;">'''[[Đại Cổ sinh|P<br/>a<br/>l<br/>e<br/>o<br/>z<br/>o<br/>i<br/>c]]'''</span>|bar2-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}|bar2-nudge-down=-5<!--Periods-->|bar3-from=-419.2|bar3-to=-358.9|bar3-left=0.1|bar3-right=0.22|bar3-text=<span style="line-height:16px;display:block;">'''[[Kỷ Devon|D<br />e<br />v<br />o<br />n<br />i<br />a<br />n]]'''</span>|bar3-colour={{period color|devonian}}|bar3-border-width=0.1|bar3-nudge-down=-5|bar4-to=-419.2|bar4-left=.1|bar4-colour={{period color|Silurian}}|bar4-border-width=.0|bar4-text='''[[Kỷ Silur]]'''|bar5-from=-358.9|bar5-left=.1|bar5-colour={{period color|carboniferous}}|bar5-border-width=.0|bar5-text='''[[Kỷ Than Đá|Kỷ Than Đá]]'''|bar5-nudge-left=0.1<!--Series-->|bar6-from=-419.2|bar6-to=-393.3|bar6-left=0.23|bar6-right=0.34|bar6-border-width=0.1|bar6-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block; ">[[Kỷ Devon|L<br/>o<br/>w<br/>e<br/>r]]</span>|bar6-colour={{period color|lower devonian}}|bar6-nudge-down=-1.5|bar7-from=-393.3|bar7-to=-382.7|bar7-left=0.23|bar7-right=0.34|bar7-border-width=0|bar7-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block; ">[[Kỷ Devon|M<br/>i<br/>d]]</span>|bar7-colour={{period color|middle devonian}}|bar7-nudge-down=-0.6|bar8-from=-382.7|bar8-to=-358.9|bar8-left=0.23|bar8-right=0.34|bar8-border-width=0.1|bar8-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block; ">[[Kỷ Devon|U<br/>p<br/>p<br/>e<br/>r]]</span>|bar8-colour={{period color|upper devonian}}|bar8-nudge-down=-1.5<!--Ages-->|bar9-from=-419.2|bar9-to=-410.8|bar9-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Lochkovian]]</span>|bar9-border-width=0.1|bar9-border-style=none|bar9-left=0.35|bar9-colour={{period color|lochkovian}}|bar10-from=-410.8|bar10-to=-407.6|bar10-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Pragian]]</span>|bar10-border-width=0.0|bar10-left=0.35|bar10-colour={{period color|pragian}}|bar11-from=-407.6|bar11-to=-393.3|bar11-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Emsian]]</span>|bar11-border-width=0.1|bar11-left=0.35|bar11-colour={{period color|emsian}}|bar12-from=-393.3|bar12-to=-387.7|bar12-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Eifelian]]</span>|bar12-border-width=0|bar12-left=0.35|bar12-colour={{period color|eifelian}}|bar13-from=-387.7|bar13-to=-382.7|bar13-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Givetian]]</span>|bar13-border-width=0.0|bar13-left=0.35|bar13-colour={{period color|givetian}}|bar14-from=-382.7|bar14-to=-372.7|bar14-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Frasnian]]</span>|bar14-nudge-up=0.5|bar14-border-width=0.05|bar14-left=0.35|bar14-colour={{period color|frasnian}}|bar15-from=-372.7|bar15-to=-358.9|bar15-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Famennian]]</span>|bar15-nudge-up=0|bar15-nudge-right=0.05|bar15-border-width=0|bar15-left=0.35|bar15-colour={{period color|famennian}}<!--Dividing Lines-->|bar26-left=.99|bar26-right=1|bar26-colour=#000000|bar27-from=-419.2|bar27-to=-419.1|bar27-left=.1|bar27-colour=#000000|bar28-from=-410.8|bar28-to=-410.7|bar28-left=.35|bar28-colour=#000000|bar29-from=-387.8|bar29-to=-387.7|bar29-left=.35|bar29-colour=#000000|bar30-from=-359|bar30-to=-358.9|bar30-left=.35|bar30-colour=#000000<!--Notes-->|note1-at=-411.5|note1=[[Rhynie chert]]<ref name="Parry">{{chú thích tạp chí|last1=Parry|first1=S. F.|last2=Noble |first2=S. R. |last3=Crowley |first3=Q. G. |last4=Wellman |first4=C. H.|year=2011|title=A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|publisher=Geological Society|location=London|volume=168|issue=4|pages=863–872|doi=10.1144/0016-76492010-043|url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/168/4/863.abstract}}</ref>|note2-at=-358.9|note2=[[Hangenberg event]]|note2-nudge-up=1|note3-at=-377.2|note3=[[Late_Devonian_extinction#The_Kellwasser_event|Kellwasser event]](s)<ref name=Kaufmann2004>{{chú thích tạp chí | last1= Kaufmann |first1=B.| last2= Trapp|first2= E.| last3= Mezger|first3= K. | year = 2004 | title = The numerical age of the Upper Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser horizons: A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt(Kellerwald, Germany) | journal = The Journal of Geology | volume = 112 | issue = 4 | pages = 495–501 | doi=10.1086/421077 | bibcode=2004JG....112..495K}}</ref>|note4-at=-387|note4=Widespread<ref name=Algeo1998>{{chú thích tạp chí | last1= Algeo|first1=T. J. | year = 1998 | title = Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 353 | issue = 1365 | pages = 113–130 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1998.0195}}</ref><br />shrubs & trees|note5-at=-364<!--ish-->|note5=S. America<br />glaciation begins|note6-at=-407<!--ish-->|note6=[[Hunsrück Slates|Hunsrück fauna]]<br />|caption=Key events of the Devonian Period. <br />Axis scale: millions of years ago.}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Ediacaran biota|<!--Change this to help=on if you need instructions on editing this timeline-->|help=off| link-to=Ediacaran biota timeline|title=The Ediacara biota in context|disable-arrow-align=true|disable-box-align=true|plot-colour=#ffffff|from=-655|to=-490|scale-increment=10|width=8<!--Eras-->|legend1=[[Đại Tân Nguyên Sinh]]<br/>(last [[Era (geology)|era]] of the [[Precambrian]])|legend1-colour={{period color|neoproterozoic}}|bar1-from=-655|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour={{period color|neoproterozoic}}|legend2=[[Palaeozoic]]</br>(first era of the [[Phanerozoic]])|legend2-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}|bar2-from=-542|bar2-to=-490|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour={{period color|palaeozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar3-text='''[[Cryogenian]]'''|bar3-to=-635|bar3-left=.1|bar3-colour={{period color|cryogenian}}<!--Dividing line-->|bar23-from=-635.3|bar23-to=-634.7|bar23-colour=black|bar23-left=0.1|bar4-from=-635|bar4-to=-542|bar4-left=.1|bar4-colour={{period color|Ediacaran}}|bar4-border-width=.0|bar4-text='''[[Ediacaran]]'''|bar4-nudge-down=6.7|bar24-from=-542.3|bar24-to=-541.7|bar24-colour=black|bar5-text='''[[Kỷ Cambri]]'''|bar5-from=-542|bar5-to=-490|bar5-left=.1|bar5-colour={{period color|cambrian}}|bar25-from=-490.3|bar25-to=-489.7|bar25-colour=black|bar25-left=0.09|bar6-from=-655|bar6-to=-490|bar6-left=.99|bar6-right=1|bar6-colour=#000000<!--17 to overlap 12-->|bar17-from=-655|bar17-to=-490|bar17-left=.09|bar17-right=.1|bar17-colour=#000000<!--Organisms-->|bar21-from=-610|bar21-to=-555|bar21-left=0.85|bar21-right=0.95|bar21-colour=#007777|note21=''[[Aspidella]]''<br />discs|note21-at=-585|note21-colour=#007777|note21-remove-arrow=yes|note21-nudge-left=5.4|bar22-from=-575|bar22-to=-545|bar22-left=0.77|bar22-right=.87|bar22-colour=#777700|note22=''Charnia''|note22-at=-560|note22-colour=#777700|note22-nudge-left=5.5|note22-remove-arrow=yes<!--Notes-->|note1=Last Ediacaran communities|note1-at=-542|note1-colour=green|note2=Last putative Ediacaran|note2-at=-500|note2-colour=green|note3=[[Fossil embryos|Embryos]]?|note3-at=-632.5|note3-nudge-up=0.4|note3-colour=green|note4=Last [[snowball Earth|extensive]] [[glaciation]]|note4-at=-635|note4-nudge-down=0.4|note5=First Ediacaran megafossil|note5-at=-610|note5-colour=green|note6=[[Gaskiers glaciation (geology)|Gaskiers<br />glaciation]]|note6-at=-584.2|note7=[[Avalon explosion]]|note7-at=-575|caption=Axis scale: million years<br />References: Waggoner 1998,<ref name="Waggoner1998t">{{chú thích tạp chí | last1 = Waggoner | first1 = Ben | year = 1998 | title = Interpreting the Earliest Metazoan Fossils: What Can We Learn? | journal = [[Integrative and Comparative Biology]] | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 975–982 | issn = 1540-7063 | doi = 10.1093/icb/38.6.975 | url = http://intl-icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/6/975 | access-date = 7 March 2007 | doi-access = free | archive-date = 21 December 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.is/20121221015440/http://intl-icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/6/975 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Hofmann 1990<ref>{{chú thích tạp chí| title=Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada| last1 = Hofmann | first1 = H.J.| last2 = Narbonne | first2 = G.M.| last3 = Aitken | first3 = J.D.| journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]]| volume=18| issue=12| pages=1199–1202| year=1990| doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1199:ERFIBI>2.3.CO;2| bibcode = 1990Geo....18.1199H }}</ref>}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Triassic graphical timeline|{{clear}}|help=off| link-to=Triassic_graphical_timeline| title=<span style="color:white">Key events in the Triassic</span>|title-colour={{period color|Triassic}}|from=-255|to=-198|plot-colour=#000000|height=45|width=7.5<!--Æons-->|bar1-to=-251.902|bar1-text=<span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">'''[[Đại Cổ sinh|P<br/>Z]]'''</span>|bar1-nudge-down=.2|bar1-right=.09|bar1-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}|bar2-from=-251.902|bar2-text=<div style="line-height:16px;display:block;">{{center|'''[[Mesozoic|M<br/>e<br/>s<br/>o<br/>z<br/>o<br/>i<br/>c]]'''}}</div>|bar2-nudge-down=-5|bar2-right=.09|bar2-colour={{period color|mesozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar3-to=-251.902|bar3-left=.1|bar3-colour={{period color|Permian}}|bar3-border-width=.0|bar3-text='''[[Permian]]'''|bar3-nudge-down=0|bar4-from=-251.902|bar4-to=-201.3|bar4-left=.1|bar4-right=.22|bar4-colour={{period color|Triassic}}|bar4-border-width=.0|bar4-text=<span style="line-height:16px;display:block;">'''[[Triassic|<span style="color:white;">T<br/>r<br/>i<br/>a<br/>s<br/>s<br/>i<br/>c</span>]]'''</span>|bar4-nudge-down=-6|bar5-from=-201.3|bar5-left=.1|bar5-colour={{period color|Jurassic}}|bar5-border-width=.0|bar5-text='''[[Jurassic]]'''<!--Series-->|bar7-from=-251.902|bar7-to=-247.2|bar7-left=.23|bar7-right=.33|bar7-colour={{period color|Lower Triassic}}|bar7-border-width=0|bar7-text=<span style="line-height:9px;display:block;font-size:smaller">[[Early Triassic|<span style="color:white;">E<br/>a<br/>r<br/>l<br/>y</span>]]</span>|bar7-nudge-down=-0.8|bar8-from=-247.2|bar8-to=-237|bar8-left=.23|bar8-right=.33|bar8-colour={{period color|Middle Triassic}}|bar8-border-width=.05|bar8-text=<span style="line-height:10px;display:block;font-size:smaller">[[Middle Triassic|<span style="color:white;">M<br/>i<br/>d<br/>d<br/>l<br/>e</span>]]</span>|bar8-nudge-down=-2|bar9-from=-237|bar9-to=-201.31|bar9-left=.23|bar9-right=.33|bar9-colour={{period color|Upper Triassic}}|bar9-border-width=.0|bar9-text=<span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">[[Late Triassic|<span style="color:white;">L<br/>a<br/>t<br/>e</span>]]</span>|bar9-nudge-down=-2.2<!-- stages -->|bar11-from=-251.902|bar11-to=-251.2|bar11-left=.34|bar11-colour={{period color|Induan}}|bar11-border-width=.05|bar11-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Induan|<span style="color:white;">Induan</span>]]</span>|bar11-nudge-down=-0.1|bar10-from=-251.2|bar10-to=-247.2|bar10-left=.34|bar10-colour={{period color|Olenekian}}|bar10-border-width=0|bar10-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Olenekian|<span style="color:white;">Olenekian</span>]]</span>|bar12-from=-247.2|bar12-to=-242|bar12-left=.34|bar12-colour={{period color|Anisian}}|bar12-border-width=.05|bar12-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Anisian|<span style="color:white;">Anisian</span>]]</span>|bar13-from=-242|bar13-to=-237.0|bar13-left=.34|bar13-colour={{period color|Ladinian}}|bar13-border-width=.0|bar13-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Ladinian|<span style="color:white;">Ladinian</span>]]</span>|bar14-from=-237.0|bar14-to=-227|bar14-left=.34|bar14-colour={{period color|Carnian}}|bar14-border-width=.0|bar14-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Carnian]]</span>|bar15-from=-227|bar15-to=-208.5|bar15-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Norian]]</span>|bar15-border-width=0.05|bar15-left=0.34|bar15-colour={{period color|Norian}}|bar16-from=-208.5|bar16-to=-201.3|bar16-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Rhaetian]]</span>|bar16-border-width=0.0|bar16-left=0.34|bar16-colour={{period color|Rhaetian}}|bar26-left=.09|bar26-right=.095|bar26-colour=#000000|bar27-left=.22|bar27-right=.23|bar27-from=-251.902|bar27-to=-201.3|bar27-colour=#000000|bar28-left=.33|bar28-right=.34|bar28-from=-251.902|bar28-to=-201.3|bar28-colour=#000000|bar29-left=.99|bar29-right=1|bar29-colour=#000000|bar30-left=.34|bar30-from=-237.1|bar30-to=-237.0|bar30-colour=#000000|bar31-from=-251.902|bar31-to=-251.802|bar31-colour=#000000|bar32-left=.1|bar32-from=-201.4|bar32-to=-201.3|bar32-colour=#000000<!--20 to overlap 15-->|bar20-left=.09|bar20-right=.1|bar20-colour=#000000<!--Notes-->|note1=[[Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event|Mass extinction]]|note1-at=-{{period end|permian}}<!--|note1-size=75%-->|note1-nudge-down=0.5|note2=[[Early Triassic#Smithian-Spathian_boundary_extinction|Smithian-Spathian boundary extinction]]<ref>{{chú thích tạp chí |last1=Widmann |first1=Philipp |last2=Bucher |first2=Hugo |last3=Leu |first3=Marc |last4=Vennemann |first4=Torsten |last5=Bagherpour |first5=Borhan |last6=Schneebeli-Hermann |first6=Elke |last7=Goudemand|first7=Nicolas |last8=Schaltegger |first8=Urs |title=Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |date=2020 |volume=8 |issue=196 |pages=1-16 |doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00196}}</ref>|note2-at=-249.4|note2-size=85%|note2-nudge-up=0.25|note3=[[Carnian Pluvial Event]]|note3-at=-230<!--|note3-size=75%-->|note3-nudge-down=0.5|note4=Full recovery of woody trees<ref name=McElwain2007>{{chú thích tạp chí | author = McElwain, J. C. | author2 = Punyasena, S. W. | year = 2007 | title = Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10 | pages = 548–557 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003| pmid=17919771}}</ref></span><!--|note4-size=75%-->|note4-nudge-down=0.5|note4-at=-246|note5=Coals return<ref name="Retallack1996">|note5-nudge-down=1{{chú thích tạp chí|author=Retallack, G. J.| author2 =Veevers, J.| author-link2= John Veevers | author3 = Morante, R.|year=1996|title=Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants|journal=GSA Bulletin|volume=108|issue=2|pages=195–207|url=http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/108/2/195|accessdate=2007-09-29 | doi = 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2 }}</ref>|note5-at=-243<!--|note5-size=75%-->|note6=[[Scleractinia]]n<br />corals & calcified sponges<ref name=Payne2004>{{chú thích tạp chí | author = Payne, J. L. | author2 = Lehrmann, D. J.| author3 = Wei, J.| author4 = Orchard, M. J.| author5 = Schrag, D. P.| author6 = Knoll, A. H. | year = 2004 | title = Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction | journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5683 | pages = 506–9 | doi = 10.1126/science.1097023 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/305/5683/506 | pmid=15273391}}</ref></span>|note6-at=-240<!--|note6-size=75%-->|note6-nudge-up=1|note7=[[Triassic–Jurassic extinction event]]|note7-at=-201.3<!--|note7-size=75%-->|caption='''An approximate timescale of key Triassic events.'''<br />'''Axis scale: millions of years ago.'''<br />(NOTE: The white links are for readability only. They are still clickable.)<br />}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Paleogene graphical timeline|{{clear}}|help=off| link-to=Paleogene_graphical_timeline| title=Key events in the Paleogene|title-colour={{period color|Paleogene}}|from=-68.85|to=-20.18|height=45|width=7.5|plot-colour=#000000<!--Eras-->|bar1-to=-66|bar1-text=<span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">'''[[Mesozoic|M<br/>Z]]'''</span>|bar1-nudge-down=0.3|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour={{period color|mesozoic}}|bar2-from=-66|bar2-text=<span style="line-height:16px;display:block;">'''[[Cenozoic|C<br/>e<br/>n<br/>o<br/>z<br/>o<br/>i<br/>c]]'''</span>|bar2-nudge-down=-5|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour={{period color|Cenozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar3-to=-66|bar3-left=.11|bar3-colour={{period color|Cretaceous}}|bar3-border-width=.0|bar3-text='''[[Kỷ Phấn Trắng]]'''|bar3-nudge-down=0|bar4-from=-66|bar4-to=-23.03|bar4-left=.11|bar4-right=.22|bar4-colour={{period color|paleogene}}|bar4-border-width=.05|bar4-text=<span style="line-height:16px;display:block;">'''[[Paleogene|P<br />a<br />l<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />e<br />n<br />e]]'''</span>|bar4-nudge-down=-7|bar5-from=-23.03|bar5-left=.11|bar5-colour={{period color|Neogene}}|bar5-border-width=.0|bar5-text='''[[Neogene]]'''<!--Series-->|bar7-from=-66|bar7-to=-56|bar7-left=.23|bar7-right=.34|bar7-colour={{period color|paleocene}}|bar7-border-width=.05|bar7-text=<span style="line-height:12px;display:block;">[[Paleocene|P<br/>a<br/>l<br/>e<br/>o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e]]<br/><br/></span>|bar7-nudge-down=-3.5|bar8-from=-56|bar8-to=-33.9|bar8-left=.23|bar8-right=.34|bar8-colour={{period color|eocene}}|bar8-border-width=.0|bar8-text=<span style="line-height:14px;display:block;">[[Eocene|E<br/>o<br/>c<br/>e<br/>n<br/>e]]</span>|bar8-nudge-down=-3|bar9-from=-33.9|bar9-to=-23.03|bar9-left=.23|bar9-right=.34|bar9-colour={{period color|oligocene}}|bar9-border-width=.05|bar9-text=<span style="line-height:12px;display:block;">[[Thế Oligocen|O<br/>l<br/>i<br/>g<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e]]</span>|bar9-nudge-down=-3.1<!-- stages -->|bar10-from=-66|bar10-to=-61.6|bar10-left=.35|bar10-colour={{period color|Danian}}|bar10-border-width=.05|bar10-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Danian]]</span>|bar10-nudge-down=-0.1|bar11-from=-61.6|bar11-to=-59.2|bar11-left=.35|bar11-colour={{period color|Selandian}}|bar11-border-width=0|bar11-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Selandian]]<br/></span>|bar12-from=-59.2|bar12-to=-56|bar12-left=.35|bar12-colour={{period color|Thanetian}}|bar12-border-width=.05|bar12-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Thanetian]]</span>|bar13-from=-56|bar13-to=-47.8|bar13-left=.35|bar13-colour={{period color|Ypresian}}|bar13-border-width=.0|bar13-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Ypresian]]</span>|bar14-from=-47.8|bar14-to=-41.3|bar14-left=.35|bar14-colour={{period color|Lutetian}}|bar14-border-width=.05|bar14-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Lutetian]]</span>|bar15-from=-41.3|bar15-to=-38|bar15-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Bartonian]]</span>|bar15-border-width=0.0|bar15-left=0.35|bar15-colour={{period color|Bartonian}}|bar16-from=-38|bar16-to=-33.9|bar16-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Priabonian]]</span>|bar16-border-width=0.0|bar16-left=0.35|bar16-colour={{period color|Priabonian}}|bar17-from=-33.9|bar17-to=-28.1|bar17-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Rupelian]]</span>|bar17-border-width=0.05|bar17-left=0.35|bar17-colour={{period color|Rupelian}}|bar18-from=-28.1|bar18-to=-23.03|bar18-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Chattian]]</span>|bar18-border-width=0.0|bar18-left=0.35|bar18-colour={{period color|Chattian}}<!--Lines-->|bar19-left=.99|bar19-right=1|bar19-colour=#000000|bar28-from=-66|bar28-to=-65.9|bar28-colour=#000000|bar29-from=-37.9|bar29-to=-37.8|bar29-left=.34|bar29-colour=#000000|bar30-from=-23.08|bar30-to=-23.03|bar30-left=.11|bar30-colour=#000000<!--Notes--><!--Notes-->|note1=[[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum|PETM]]|note1-at=-56<!--|note1-size=75%-->|note3-at=-33.9|note3=First Antarctic [[ice-sheet|permanent ice-sheets]]<ref name=Zachos2k5>{{chú thích tạp chí | author1 = Zachos, J. C. | author2 = Kump, L. R. | year = 2005 | title = Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene | journal = Global and Planetary Change | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–66 | doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001 | bibcode=2005GPC....47...51Z}}</ref></span><!--|note3-size=75%-->|note4=[[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|K-Pg mass<br />extinction]]</span>|note4-at=-65.8<!--|note4-size=75%-->|caption=An approximate timescale of key Paleogene events<br />Axis scale: millions of years ago<br />}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Burgsvik beds graphical timeline| | help=off | link-to=Burgsvik beds graphical timeline | width=5 | from=-47 | to=0 | scale-increment=5 | title=Subdivisions of the Burgsvik beds<br />''after Manten (1971)'' | bar1-from=-7 | bar1-text='''Upper''' | bar1-colour=#9ad | bar2-from=-30 | bar2-text='''Middle''' | bar2-to=-7 | bar2-right=0.85 | bar2-colour=#bc9 | bar3-text='''Lower''' | bar3-to=-30 | bar3-right=0.6 | bar3-colour=#ba8 | note1-at=0 | note1=Interbedded oolitic/oncolitic<br />lime-, sand- and mud-stones | note2=Sandstone with minor muddy sand/mudstone | note2-at=-17 | note3=Mudstone and muddy sandstone. Rarely exposed. | note3-at=-35 | note1-remove-arrow=yes | note2-remove-arrow=aye | note3-remove-arrow=do | note1-nudge-right=0.5 | note2-nudge-right=0.5 | note3-nudge-right=0.5 | caption= &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grain size -&rarr; <br />Vertical scale in Metres}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Early Echinoderms graphical timeline||help=off|link-to=Early_Echinoderms_graphical_timeline|title=Early Echinoderms (?)|from=-570|to=-498|height=28|width=7.8|scale-increment=5|disable-box-align=true<!--Æons-->|legend1=[[Đại Tân Nguyên Sinh]]<br/>(last [[Era_%28geology%29{{!}}era]] of the [[Precambrian]])|legend1-colour={{period color|Neoproterozoic}}|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour={{period color|Neoproterozoic}}|legend2=[[Palæozoic]]<br/>(first era of the [[Phanerozoic]])|legend2-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}|bar2-from=-542|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour={{period color|Palæozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar3-to=-542|bar3-left=.1|bar3-colour={{period color|ediacaran}}|bar3-border-width=.0|bar3-text='''[[Ediacaran]]'''|bar3-nudge-down=2|bar4-text='''[[Kỷ Cambri]]'''|bar4-from=-542|bar4-left=.1|bar4-colour={{period color|cambrian series 1}}|bar4-border-width=0.1|bar5-from=-542|bar5-to=-513|bar5-left=0.1|bar5-colour=|bar5-text='''L'''|bar5-nudge-left=3|bar5-nudge-up=0.5|bar6-from=-513|bar6-to=-501|bar6-left=0.1|bar6-colour={{period color|cambrian series 2}}|bar6-text='''M'''|bar6-border-width=0.08|bar6-nudge-left=3|bar7-left=0.1|bar7-from=-501|bar7-colour={{period color|cambrian series 4}}|bar7-text='''U'''|bar7-nudge-left=3|bar9-left=.99|bar9-right=1|bar9-colour=#000000|bar10-left=.09|bar10-right=.1|bar10-colour=#000000<!--Events-->|bar8-from=-530|bar8-to=-520|bar8-left=.95|bar8-right=1.05|bar8-colour=#dd0000|note18=[[Cambrian explosion]]|note18-at=-520|note18-remove-arrow=yes|note18-colour=#dd0000|note18-nudge-down=.8|note18-nudge-right=.5<!--Organisms-->|bar22-from=-513|bar22-to=-528|bar22-left=0.82|bar22-right=.92|bar22-colour=#770|note3=''[[Helicoplacus]]''<br />(approx.)|note3-at=-530|note3-colour=#777700|note3-nudge-left=6.9|note3-remove-arrow=yes|bar21-from=-560|bar21-to=-542|bar21-left=0.85|bar21-right=0.95|bar21-colour=#077|note2=''[[Arkarua]]''<br />(approx.)|note2-at=-550|note2-colour=#077|note2-remove-arrow=yes|note2-nudge-left=5.8|bar23-from=-558|bar23-to=-542|bar23-left=0.77|bar23-right=0.87|bar23-colour=#070|note4-colour=#070|note4-at=-551|note4=''[[Tribrachidium]]''|note4-remove-arrow=yes|note4-nudge-left=0.1|caption=Axis scale: millions of years ago.|bar24-from=-513|bar24-to=-501|bar24-left=0.81|bar24-right=0.83|bar24-colour=#13a|bar25-from=-497|bar25-left=0.77|bar25-right=0.87|bar25-colour=#13a|note5=[[Carpoid]]s|note5-colour=#13a|note5-at=-500|note5-remove-arrow=yes|note5-nudge-left=5.5}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=No right annotations||help=off|link-to=Early_Echinoderms_graphical_timeline|title=Early Echinoderms (?)|from=-570|to=-498|height=28|width=7.8|scale-increment=5|disable-box-align=true<!--Æons-->|legend1=[[Đại Tân Nguyên Sinh]]|legend1-colour={{period color|Neoproterozoic}}|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour={{period color|Neoproterozoic}}|legend2=[[Palæozoic]]|legend2-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}|bar2-from=-542|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour={{period color|Palæozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar3-to=-542|bar3-left=.1|bar3-colour={{period color|ediacaran}}|bar3-border-width=.0|bar3-text='''[[Ediacaran]]'''|bar3-nudge-down=2|bar4-text='''[[Kỷ Cambri]]'''|bar4-from=-542|bar4-left=.1|bar4-colour={{period color|cambrian series 1}}|bar4-border-width=0.1|bar5-from=-542|bar5-to=-513|bar5-left=0.1|bar5-colour=|bar5-text='''L'''|bar5-nudge-left=3|bar5-nudge-up=0.5|bar6-from=-513|bar6-to=-501|bar6-left=0.1|bar6-colour={{period color|cambrian series 2}}|bar6-text='''M'''|bar6-border-width=0.08|bar6-nudge-left=3|bar7-left=0.1|bar7-from=-501|bar7-colour={{period color|cambrian series 4}}|bar7-text='''U'''|bar7-nudge-left=3|bar9-left=.99|bar9-right=1|bar9-colour=#000000|bar10-left=.09|bar10-right=.1|bar10-colour=#000000<!--Events-->|bar8-from=-530|bar8-to=-520|bar8-left=.95|bar8-right=1.05|bar8-colour=#dd0000<!--Organisms-->|bar22-from=-513|bar22-to=-528|bar22-left=0.82|bar22-right=.92|bar22-colour=#770|note3=''[[Helicoplacus]]''<br />(approx.)|note3-at=-530|note3-colour=#777700|note3-nudge-left=6.9|note3-remove-arrow=yes|bar21-from=-560|bar21-to=-542|bar21-left=0.85|bar21-right=0.95|bar21-colour=#077|note2=''[[Arkarua]]''<br />(approx.)|note2-at=-550|note2-colour=#077|note2-remove-arrow=yes|note2-nudge-left=5.8|bar23-from=-558|bar23-to=-542|bar23-left=0.77|bar23-right=0.87|bar23-colour=#070|caption=Axis scale: millions of years ago.|bar24-from=-513|bar24-to=-501|bar24-left=0.81|bar24-right=0.83|bar24-colour=#13a|bar25-from=-497|bar25-left=0.77|bar25-right=0.87|bar25-colour=#13a|note5=[[Carpoid]]s|note5-colour=#13a|note5-at=-500|note5-remove-arrow=yes|note5-nudge-left=5.5}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Canidae graphical timeline||help=off| link-to=Canidae_graphical_timeline| title=Evolution of the canids| title-colour={{period color|cenozoic}}|from=-68|to=0|height=40|width=7|disable-box-align=true<!--Æons-->|legend2=[[Mesozoic]]|legend2-colour={{period color|mesozoic}}|bar1-to=-65.5|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour={{period color|mesozoic}}|legend1=[[Cenozoic]]|legend1-colour={{period color|cenozoic}}|bar2-from=-65.5|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour={{period color|cenozoic}}<!--Periods-->|bar4-to=-65.5|bar4-left=.1|bar4-colour={{period color|Cretaceous}}|bar4-border-width=.0|bar4-text='''[[Kỷ Phấn Trắng]]'''|note23={{center|'''[[Paleogene|P<br />a<br />l<br />æ<br />o<br />g<br />e<br />n<br />e]]'''}}|note23-size=100%|note23-at=-37|note23-nudge-left=9.25|note23-remove-arrow=yes|bar3-from=-65.5|bar3-to=-23.03|bar3-left=.1|bar3-colour={{period color|palæogene}}|bar3-border-width=0.08|note25={{center|'''[[Neogene|N<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />e<br />n<br />e]]'''}}|note25-size=100%|note25-at=-8|note25-nudge-left=9.25|note25-remove-arrow=yes|bar5-from=-23.03|bar5-to=-2.588|bar5-left=.1|bar5-colour={{period color|neogene}}|bar5-border-width=0.08|bar6-from=-2.588|bar6-left=.1|bar6-colour={{period color|quaternary}}|bar6-border-width=0.08|bar6-text='''[[Quaternary]]'''|bar6-nudge-up=0.2|bar7-from=-65.5|bar7-to=-55.8|bar7-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Palæocene]]</span>|bar7-border-width=0.08|bar7-left=0.26|bar7-colour={{period color|palæocene}}|bar8-from=-55.8|bar8-to=-33.9|bar8-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Eocene]]</span>|bar8-border-width=0.05|bar8-left=0.26|bar8-colour={{period color|Eocene}}|bar9-from=-33.9|bar9-to=-23.03|bar9-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Thế Oligocen]]</span>|bar9-border-width=0.05|bar9-left=0.26|bar9-colour={{period color|oligocene}}|bar11-from=-23.03|bar11-to=-5.332|bar11-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Thế Miocen]]</span>|bar11-border-width=0.05|bar11-left=0.26|bar11-colour={{period color|miocene}}|bar10-from=-5.6<!-- Actually -5.332,amended so dotted border only appears on top-->|bar10-to=-1.806|bar10-text=<span style="font-size:90%">[[Pliocene]]</span>|bar10-nudge-up=0.5|bar10-border-width=0.08|bar10-border-style=dotted|bar10-left=0.26|bar10-colour={{period color|pliocene}}|bar25-left=0.252|bar25-right=0.26|bar25-colour=black|bar25-from=-65.5|bar25-to=-1.806|bar26-left=.99|bar26-right=1|bar26-colour=#000000<!--30 to overlap 12-->|bar30-left=.09|bar30-right=.1|bar30-colour=#000000<!--Notes-->|note1=[[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|K-P mass extinction]]|note1-at=-65.5|note2=First [[Hesperocyoninae]]|note2-at=-39.74|note3=First [[Borophaginae]]|note3-at=-36|note4=First [[Caninae]]|note4-at=-34|note5=Modern-looking dogs|note5-at=-20|note6=Canine<br />radiation|note6-at=-9.5|caption=An approximate timescale of key events in canid evolution.<br />For precise dates, see text.<br />Axis scale: millions of years ago.<br />{{infobox time scale|32}}}}{{clear}}{{Test case|_format=columns|_collapsible=yes|_title=Small shelly fauna graphical timeline|<!--Change this to help=on if you need instructions on editing this timeline-->|help=off|title="Small shellies" in context|link-to=Small_shelly_fauna_graphical_timeline|align=right|disable-box-align=true|plot-colour=#ffffff|from=-595|to=-510|scale-increment=10|width=6|height=40|annotations-width=9.5<!--Eras-->|legend1=[[Đại Tân Nguyên Sinh]]<br>(last [[Era (geology){{!}}era]] of the [[Precambrian]])|legend1-colour={{period color|neoproterozoic}}|bar1-to=-{{period start|phanerozoic}}|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour={{period color|neoproterozoic}}|legend2=[[Palæozoic]]<br>(first era of the [[Phanerozoic]])|legend2-colour={{period color|paleozoic}}|bar2-from=-542|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour={{period color|palæozoic}}<!--Periods-->|period4=Ediacaran|period4-left=.1|period4-from=-595|period4-text='''[[Ediacaran]]'''|period4-nudge-down=10<!-- parameters duplicated below |bar24-from=-542.3|bar24-to=-541.7|bar24-colour=black-->|period5=Cambrian|period5-to=-510|period5-left=.1|period5-nudge-up=4.8|period5-text='''[[Kỷ Cambri]]'''<!-- parameters duplicated below |bar25-from=-490.3|bar25-to=-489.7|bar25-colour=black|bar25-left=0.09-->|bar6-left=.99|bar6-right=1|bar6-colour=#000000<!--17 to overlap 12-->|bar17-left=0.09|bar17-right=0.1|bar17-colour=#000000<!--SSF-->|bar21-from=-542|bar21-to=-520|bar21-left=0.30|bar21-right=0.40|bar21-colour=#777700|note21='''[[Small shelly fauna]]'''|note21-at=-537|note21-nudge-left=3.5|note21-nudge-down=0.3<!--Ediacaran SF-->|bar26-from=-549|bar26-to=-542|bar26-left=0.30|bar26-right=0.40|bar26-colour=#aaaaaa|note26= Ediacaran shelly fauna|note26-at=-545|note26-nudge-left=3.5|note26-nudge-down=0.3|bar22-from=-575|bar22-to=-542|bar22-left=0.15|bar22-right=.25|bar22-colour=#007777|note22=[[Ediacara biota]]|note22-at=-565|note22-colour=#007777|note22-nudge-left=4.5|note22-nudge-down=0.4|bar23-from=-525|bar23-to=-520|bar23-left=0.64|bar23-right=0.74|bar23-colour=#cccc66|note23=[[Maotianshan shales]]|note23-at=-521|note23-colour=#777700|note23-nudge-left=1.3|note23-nudge-down=0.1|bar24-from=-535|bar24-to=-530|bar24-left=0.64|bar24-right=0.74|bar24-colour=pink|note24=[[Tommotian]] age|note24-at=-532|note24-colour=#666666|note24-nudge-left=1.3|note24-nudge-down=0.5<!-- Approx date of Cambrian explosion if abrupt -->|bar25-from=-530|bar25-to=-520|bar25-left=0.45|bar25-right=0.55|bar25-colour=#666666|note25={{nowrap|[[Cambrian explosion]]}}, '''if'''&nbsp;sudden|note25-at=-528|note25-colour=#666666|note25-nudge-up=0.4|note25-nudge-left=2.7<!--Notes--><!-- Irrelevant |note7=''[[Kimberella]]''|note7-at=-555|note7-nudge-down=0.3-->|caption=Axis scale: millions of years ago.<br />References for dates:<br />Ediacara biota<ref>{{ chú thích tạp chí | title=Decoding the Ediacaran Enigma |author1=Brasier, M. |author2=Antcliffe, J. |name-list-style=amp | journal=Science | date=20 August 2004 | volume=305 | issue=5687 | pages=1115–1117 | doi=10.1126/science.1102673 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/305/5687/1115?ck=nck | access-date=2008-07-18 | pmid=15326344}}</ref><br />Small shelly fauna<ref name="Bengtson2004">{{chú thích tạp chí | title=Early skeletal fossils | author = Bengtson, S. | editor=Lipps, J.H. |editor2=Waggoner, B.M. | journal=Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions | year = 2004 | series = Paleontological Society Papers | volume = 10 | pages = 67–78 | url = http://www.cosmonova.org/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson2004ESF.pdf |format=PDF| access-date=2008-07-18 }}</ref>, but may have been longer<ref name="Porter2004ClosingPhosphatizationWindow">{{ chú thích tạp chí | title=Closing the Phosphatization Window: Testing for the Influence of Taphonomic Megabias on the Pattern of Small Shelly Fossil Decline| author=Porter, S.M. | journal=PALAIOS | volume=19 | issue=2 | date=April 2004 | url=http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/porter/Papers/Porter%202004_phosphatization.pdf| access-date=2009-04-22 | pages=178–183 | doi=10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0178:CTPWTF>2.0.CO;2 }}</ref><ref name=Dzik1994>{{chú thích tạp chí| author = Dzik, J. | year = 1994| title = Evolution of ‘small shelly fossils’ assemblages of the early Paleozoic| journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 27–313| url = http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Dzik1994d.htm | access-date=2008-08-01}}</ref><br />Tommotian age<ref>{{ chú thích web | url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/tommotian.html | access-date=2008-07-30 | title=The Tommotian Age }}</ref><br />Cambrian explosion<ref name="CowenHistLife">{{ chú thích sách | author=Cowen, R. | title=History of Life | publisher=Blackwell Science | edition=3rd | page=63 | year=2000 | isbn=0-632-04444-6 }}</ref>Maotianshan shales<ref>{{ chú thích sách | author=Hou, X-G |author2=Aldridge, R.J. |author3=Bengstrom, J. |author4=Siveter, D.J. |author5=Feng, X-H |name-list-style=amp | year= 2004 | title=The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China | publisher=Blackwell Science | pages=233}}</ref>}}{{clear}}== Tham khảo =={{tham khảo}}

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