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The 1998 model

Kingdom Animalia

In 1993, Cavalier-Smith classified Myxozoa as a protozoan parvkingdom. By 1998, he had reclassified it as an animal subkingdom. Myxozoa contains three phyla, Myxosporidia, Haplosporidia, and Paramyxia, which were reclassified as animals along with Myxozoa. Likewise, Cavalier-Smith reclassified the protozoan phylum Mesozoa as an animal subkingdom.

In his 1998 scheme, the animal kingdom was divided into four subkingdoms:

He created five new animal phyla:

and recognized a total of 23 animal phyla, as shown here:

The eighth kingdom: Archezoa

In 1983, Cavalier-Smith adapted the term Archezoa, previously used by Haeckel, Perty, and for protists that lack mitochondria.[2] TInitially, the taxon included the quite unrelated metamonads and microscopridia, and expanded to include other unreleated taxa such that the term referred to many different groupings of protists. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] He originally considered it as a subkingdom, but by 1989, with the establishment of Chromista as separate kingdom, he treated it as a kingdom.[19]

Composition of Archezoa [20]
1983a1983b1987198919901991199319951996199719981999
Diplomonads++++++++++++
Retortamonads++++++++++++
Oxymonads++++++++++++
Microspora+++++++++
Hypermastigids+++
Trichomonads+++
Mastigamoebids++++++
Pelomyxa+++++
Entamoeba+++++
Phreatamoeba++
Trimastix+

Archezoa is now defunct.[21] He now assigns former members of the kingdom Archezoa to the phylum Amoebozoa.[22]

  1. ↑ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> không hợp lệ; không có nội dung trong ref có tên 1998-08
  2. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). "Eukaryotes with no mitochondria". Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. PMID 3561476.
  3. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1983. A six-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny. Endocytobiology 2:1027–1034.
  4. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1987. Eukaryotes with no mitochondria. Nature (London) 326:332–333.
  5. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1987 The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503:17–54.
  6. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1989. Archaebacteria and Archezoa. Nature (London) 339:100–101.
  7. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1990. Microorganism megaevolution: integrating the fossil and living evidence. Revue de Micropalêontologie 33:145–154.
  8. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1991. Archamoebae: the ancestral eukaryotes? Biosystems 25:25–38.
  9. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. . The evolution of cells. pp 271–304 in S. Osawa and T. Honjo, eds. Evolution of life. Springer, Berlin.
  10. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1992. Percolozoa and the symbiotic origin of the metakaryote cell. Endocytobiology 5:399–406.
  11. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 Phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57:953–994.
  12. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1995. Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification. Cytology 37:1010–1029.
  13. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1997. Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms Eozoa and Neozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde 147:237–258.
  14. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1997. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the evolution and classification of protozoa. Page 65 in Programme and abstracts, Tenth International Congress of Protozoology, Sydney.
  15. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1998. A revised six–kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73:203–266.
  16. ↑ Cavalier Smith, T. 1999. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of protozoa. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 196: 393–395.
  17. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T.and Chao, E. 1995. The opalozoan Apusomonas is related to the common ancestor of animals, fungi and choanoflagellates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 261:1–6.
  18. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T.and Chao, E. 1996. Molecular diversity of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43:551–563.
  19. ↑ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> không hợp lệ; không có nội dung trong ref có tên nat1989
  20. ↑ Patterson, D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist, Supplement 65: 96-124.
  21. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E. E. (1996). "Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 43 (6): 551–62. Bibcode:1996JMolE..43..551C. doi:10.1007/BF02202103. PMID 8995052. S2CID 28992966.
  22. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). "Only six kingdoms of life". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1545): 1251–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349.
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